Currently used equipment, known as real time scanners, take continuous pictures of the moving fetus which can be depicted on a monitor. They are emitted from a transducer placed in contact with the maternal abdomen and moved around to look at any content within the uterus. Repetitive arrays of ultrasound beams scan the fetus in thin slices and are reflected back onto the same transducer. The information is recomposed back into a picture on the monitor screen ( a sonogram, or ultrasonogram). Movements like fetal heart beat and malformations in the fetus can be assessed accurately on the screen. These measurements form the cornerstone in the assessment of gestational age, size and growth in the fetus. A full bladder is often required for the procedure when abdominal scanning is done in early pregnancy. There is no sensation at all from the ultrasound waves.

ULTRASOUND USED IN PREGNANCY

Ultrasound is safe, noninvasive, accurate and cost effective. It plays an important role in the case of every pregnant woman. The main uses of ultrasonography are to diagnose and confirm early pregnancy or vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. In the presence of first trimester bleeding, ultrasonography is also indispensable in the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies and molar pregnancies. Determination of gestational age and assessment of fetal size is important. Fetal measurements  tell the age of the fetus. In patients with uncertain last menstrual periods, measurements must be made as early as possible to arrive at a correct dating for the patient.

Measurements are usually made of the crown-rump length and the bi parietal diameter. The bi parietal diameter is the diameter between the two sides of the head. Babies of the same weight can have different head size. Dating using the BPD should be done early. The abdominal circumference is the single most important measurement to make in late pregnancy. It tells of fetal size and weight. Serial measurements are useful in monitoring growth of the fetus.

Diagnosis of fetal malformation is important because the risk of having a baby with chromosonal abnormality increases with the mothers age. Abnormalities can be diagnosed by an ultrasound scan. Common abnormalities can be spina bifida, cleft lips/ palate, congenital cardiac abnormalities and many more. First trimester ultrasonic soft markers are now in common use to enable detection of Down Syndrome fetuses. Ultrasound can also be used in other diagnostic procedures, which are many.

Ultrasonography has become very imporant in localization of the site of the placenta and determining its lower edges, thus making a diagnosis  of placenta previa. Other placental abnormalities can also be assessed. In the situation of multiple pregnancies, ultrasonography is invaluable in knowing the number of fetuses, like twins. Hydramnios and oligohydramnios, excessive or decreased amniotic fluid can be clearly depicted by ultrasound. Both conditions can have adverse effects on the fetus.

Other areas of interest are confirmation of intrauterine death, confirmation of fetal presentation in uncertain cases. Also evaluating fetal movements, tone and breathing in the biophysical profile.

I’ve tried to provide a bit more detail in this post about obstetric sonography and its role in monitoring pregnancy. Obstetric ultrasound scans have become a vitally important part of being pregnant and taking good care of yourself and your baby. There’s a lot more to it than waving a wand around a pregnant belly and determining the sex of the fetus, like we tend to see on television. If you think you have what it takes to become an obstetric sonographer, start by getting information directly from ultrasonography schools.

In the last twenty years the Ultrasound Technicians have used  machines that were big and immensly bulky, heavy and requires an outlet nearby, not to mention the cost of one on these big machines, 20,000 to 250,000 dollars. It has been hinted that the new Vscan hand held device will be marketed during 2010. No pricing information has been anticipated as of yet.

Ultrasound was first introduced as a medical application in the 1950’s. The cost of the devices have kept them from becoming universally available, despite the benefits to both patients and clinicians.

George K. Lewis, the inventor of the Vscan, envisions his ultrasound device to help aim pulses of energy to temporarily seal gunshot wounds in the battlefiled and to help doctors to do rapid diagnoses in emerging and rapidly changing conditions in emergency room situations. He also sees the low cost of his device bringing a much needed tool to researchers at a low cost that will allow research of other applications of ultrasound

The Vscan is a microphone like wand attached to the main body of the device that sends and receives sound wave data upon contact with the body. It is then translated into an image on the Vscan screen for analysis by the physician. It can zoom in and out, pan right to left and other image controls are taken care of with a familiar dial key interface on the lower half of the clam- shell body. Images are rendered in real time in black and white, but color overlays can be added.

General Electric has confirmed the company will next embark on a clinical study involving different situations and see how it will impact on patients care.

Ultra portable ultrasound would truely be an improvement in certain situations for many physicians and patients around the world and will soon be taught in Ultrasound Schools and used widely by physicians just like the stethoscope was decades ago.